South Dakota’s legislatively referred Constitutional Amendment J, which would explicitly disqualify non-U.S. citizens from voting in state and local elections or on ballot questions, heads to voters on November 3, 2026. The Republican-controlled legislature placed the measure on the ballot earlier in the cycle to address a perceived gap in constitutional language, following the 2024 discovery of 273 noncitizens inadvertently registered through driver’s license processes. Supporters highlight the need to close any potential loophole and align with similar citizenship requirements approved in multiple other states, while early voting is already underway. The high implied probability for passage reflects the state’s partisan composition, limited organized opposition, and precedent for straightforward approval of such clarifications. A decisive “yes” outcome would resolve the market once certified results confirm the amendment’s adoption.